IELTS Anvil

IELTS Academic Vocabulary A-Z

2,600+ words extracted from Cambridge IELTS 13-21 reading and listening passages.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y

A

abandoned abolish abolition of slavery abound abroad abrupt absence absorb abstract abundant academic accelerate accelerated accessible accommodate accommodation accompany accomplished accomplishment accomplishments account for accountant accreditation accumulate accumulating accumulation accuracy achievable achieve acidification acknowledge acoustic consultant acoustics acquaintance acquire acquired acquisition activate active adapt adaptable adaptation adaptive address adept adequately adhesive adjacent administer administering administrative adolescent adopt adopted adoption adrenaline advent adventurous adversarial attack adverse advocate advocated aerial census aerobic aesthetic afloat afraid Africa afternoon agents aggravating agrarian agricultural albatross algorithm aligned alleviate allied allocate altar alter altered alternative alternatively alumnus Alzheimer's disease ambiguity amenities ammonia amphibian amphitheatre amplifying amygdala anaesthetics analogical reasoning analogous analogy analysed analyses analyzing ancestor ancient angry annoying annual mileage anonymous Antarctica anthropology antibiotic resistance antibiotic-resistant bacteria anticipate antimicrobial compound antiquity antiviral agent anxious appalling apparently appeal appraisal apprehensions apprehensive apprentice apprenticeship approach appropriate approximately approximates April aquatic aquatic weed aqueduct arachnid arbitrary archaeologist archaeology archery archetype archipelago architect architecture Arctic Ocean arduous Argentina armadillo arousal array artefact arterial roads articles of clothing artificial general intelligence artificial speech translation ascertain ashamed Asia aspect aspirational aspirations assertive assess assessed assignment associated associating assumed assumptions assure astonishing astronomical astrophysics at risk athlete athletics Atlantic Ocean atlatl atmosphere atomic theory atrophy attainable attainment attention system attenuate attested attitudes attract attribute attributes attuned auditory August Australia authority autism automation autonomous autonomy autumn aviation avoid axes

C

cable calculations camouflage camping campus Canada candidate canyon capabilities capable capacities capacity captive breeding captivity carbon emissions carbon footprint carbon neutrality cardiovascular career paths carnivore carnivorous carpenter carry out cartographer cartography carve cast cat catalyst catastrophic catch up catchy category causal cave celebration cellophane census centrepiece century century ceremonial characteristic characterization charge charismatic charming cheerful chef chemical chess China chinchilla cholera outbreak cholesterol chronic chronicle chronological chunk circulation circumference circumstance circumstances cited civil servant civilisation clamp classify clearance client cliff climate climatic clinical depression clipper clog cloth clumsy clustered co-opted coarse coast coexistence cognition cognitive cognitive process cognitive scientist cognitive structures coincide coincided coincidence coincides collaboration collaborative collateral damage colleague collecting collide colonise colossal colosseum colourful combat combustion commensurate commercial commission commitment commodity common knowledge commonplace communal communicated communicates communications satellites community commute commuter compact compactness comparable comparative compelling compensate compensation compete competencies competent complete complex complexity complicate component components composed compositions compounds comprehend comprehensive compressor comprised comprises comprising compromise compulsory computational creativity computerized art conceive conceived concentrated concentration concentrations concept concepts conceptual conceptualize concerned concerted concerted effort concluded conclusion conclusions concrete condense condenser condiment conduct confer confidence confined confirmation bias conflict confront confused congested congestion conglomerate connected conscientious consensus consequence consequences consequently conserve considerable considerably considerate consideration consistent consistently conspicuous constitutes constrained constraints construct constructed construction constructive constructively constructivism consultant consume consumer consumerism consumption contact contagious contemporary contends content contention contentious contextual continuity continuum contract contradicted contrary contrasting contribute contributed contributing contributions contributory controversial controversy conundrum convenient conveniently conventional convey convince convincing cooking cooperated cooperative coordinate coordinated coordinating coral island core core offerings cormorant corporation correlate correspondence corresponding corridor corridors corrosion cortisol cosmic cosmology costly cottage industry cotton counteract counterpart counterparts coupled cove cow creative creator cricket cripple CRISPR criteria critical critically endangered species crucial cruel cruise cues cuisine culminate culmination culprit cultivated culture cumulative curiosity current curriculum curtail curtailed customer customise cutting-edge cyberbullying cycling cynical

D

dancing databases dawn day daybreak de-extinction Dead Sea Scrolls deadline debate debilitating decade decade decades December decibel deciphered decisive decline declining decorate dedicate deed deem deep reading default mode network defence defiance deficit defining definitive deforestation deftly degradation deliberate deliberate practice deliberately delicate delighted delineate delta delving dementia demise demographic demographics demolish demolishing demolition demonstrably demonstrate demonstrated demonstrates den dengue fever density deoxygenation dependency dependent depicted depiction depictions depicts depleted depleting depression depriving derivative derive derived desalination desert design desirable destination destruction detach detailed detect deter deteriorate deterioration determine deterred detriment detrimental devastating devastation develop developmental deviated device devising devote diagnose diagnosis diagram dial dialogue diametrically diaphragm dichotomy dictate diffusion digital digitally dilemmas dilute dimension dimensions diminish diminishing diminishing returns dingo diplomatic correspondence dire direct-to-consumer advertising disability disadvantaged disappearance disappointed disaster disastrous discern discipline discourage discrepancy discrete discretion discriminate disintegrated dismal dismiss disorder disparate disparity disperse dispersed displacement displacing display disposal disposition disproportionate disproportionately disregard disregards disruption disruptive dissatisfied dissenting dissertation dissolve distilled water distinct distinctive distinguish distinguishes distracting distress distressing distributed distribution distributor disturbing diurnal diverse diversity divert DNA barcoding documented documenting dog domain domestic domesticated dominance dominant dominated domination dopamine dragonfly dramatic dramatically drastic draw drawback drawing dreadful drill driver assistance systems drought dubbed movie dubious duck duly dump durability dusk dye dynasties dynasty dystopian

E

eccentric echolocation eclipse economic economical ecosystem edge education effective effectively efficiency efficient egotistical Egypt elaborate elaborated electrician elephant eliminating embarked embarrassed embedded embrace emerge emergence emigrated emitted emotion empathetic emphasis emphasised empirical empirically employable employee employee turnover employer enable enabled enclaves encoding encompass encounter encountered encouragement endangered endeavour endorsement endurance endure enduring energetic enforce enforcement engage engaged engagement engender engineer enhance enhanced enhancements enhancing enigmatic enormous enriched enrol enrolment enslaved entailed entails entanglement enterprise entertainment enthusiast enticing entomologist entrenched entrenching entrepreneur entrepreneurship environment environmental envisage envisages enzymatic enzymatic process epicentre epidemic epidemics epidemiologist epiphyte epoch equality equinox equip equivalent era eradicate eroded erosion erratic error essential items establish establishing establishment estate estimate estimated estimates estimations etchings eucalyptus forest Europe evade evaluate evaluating evaluation evaporate evaporation evaporator coil evening evidence evident evoke evolution evolutionary evolve exaggerate exaggerated examiner excavate excavation exceeded exceptional exchange excited exclusive exclusively excursion exhausted exhibit exotic expand expansion expansive expectancy expedition expelled expenditure explode exploit exploiting exponential exponentially export expose exposed exposure extend exterior external extinct extinct hominins extracting extraction extracurricular extraordinary extraterrestrial extreme extrinsic extrinsic motivation extrinsically extroverted

I

iceberg identical identified ignorance ignore iguana illegal downloads illiteracy illuminator illusion image imagery imagination immature immeasurable immediate immense immensely impact impaired impartial impartiality impatient imperative imperceptible implausible implement implementation implemented implicit implies impose impress improvised in-depth inaccuracies inadequate inadvertently incapacitated incentive incidence incidental incisor incline inclined inclusion inconceivable inconsiderate incorporate incorporated incorporation incremental indecisive indefinitely India Indian Ocean indicate indicating indicative indicator indicators indigenous indiscernibly indispensable indistinct indoor air pollution induce induced industrious ineffective inevitable inevitably inexplicably infant-directed speech inference infestation infinitesimal inflammatory bowel disease inflation inflexibility influence influential informal settlements information overload infrastructure infringement infuriating ingenious ingrained ingredient inhabit inherently inheritance inhibit initial initiated initiative initiatives injure innate inner bark innovate innovation innovative inoculate inordinate inquiry inquisitiveness inscribe inscribed inscription insectivorous insensitive insertion insights insignificance insignificant inspiration inspire instant instinct institute instruction instrumental insufficient insulation integral intellectual intellectual humility intense intensity interact interacting interactions interactive intercept intercepted interface interior interlocked intermittent internal combustion engine internalized internationally internet addiction internet fraud interpretation interspersed interval intervals intervened interventions interview intricate intrinsic intrinsic motivation introverted intuitively invalid invaluable invariably invasive invasive species invent inventor invertebrate investigated investigation investigations investigators investment investor invoked inward iron ore irresponsible irritating island isolated isolating isolation itinerary

J

January Japan jealous jeopardise jingle job market job satisfaction job vacancies journalist journals judiciary July June jungle justified

K

keel Kenya kerb kerosene kevlar keystone species kinaesthetic kindergarten knitting knot knowledge economy

M

machine learning algorithm magnet magnification mainstream maintain maintaining maintenance major majority mammal manatee mandate mandrill manifest manipulate manipulated manoeuvre manual labour manufacture manufacturer marble March marginal marginalization marginally marine biologist marine debris maritime menace markedly marketing marsupial marvel mass extinction mass mortality event massive massively maternal behaviour mature maximise maximize May mayor measures mechanic mechanically cooled mechanised mechanism media media literacy mediocre mediocrity meditative medium of instruction meerkat meeting megacities megacity megalithic melt member of parliament mental concentration mentality mentor merchant merely merge merger meta-analysis metabolism metal metaphysics methane method methodical methodically meticulous metropolis Mexico microbiome microclimate microfinance microgravity microplastic microscopic midday midnight migration milestone military applications millennium mind-wandering mineral vein minimal minimize minor minuscule minute minute mired miscalculate miscellaneous misconduct misdiagnose miserable misguided misinform misinterpret misjudge mislead mismanage misperceptions misrepresents mist mistrust misunderstand mitigate mitigation mobility mobility provider mode modelled modelling moderate moderately modern art modernisation modest modification modify modifying module moisture molar momentary monarch Monday monetary mongoose monitor monitored monkey monoculture monopolies monopolise monopoly monsoon month monumental mood moon landings moons morning motivate motivates motivation motive motor mountain mouse movement muffles multiculturalism multilingualism multiliteracy multitude mutually myriad mystery mythology

P

Pacific Ocean pack pack animal paddy field painting palaeoanthropologist palaeoanthropology palisade palpitation panacea pangolin papyrus paradigm parasitic parchment particular passion passive passively cooled Pasteurella multocida pastime patent patent filing patented pathogen pathogenic patient patriarchal values patriarchy peatland peculiar pedagogical pedagogy pedestrian peer penetrate peninsula perceived perceptions perfectionism performance periodic periodic table peripheral periphery permafrost permafrost melting permanently perpetual perplexing perseverance persist persistence personal possessions personalised perspective persuasive pertain pest control pestilence pharmacist phenomenally phenomenon philanthropic philanthropy philosophy photography photosynthesis photosynthesising physical physical exertion physiological physiological response pierce pig pillar pioneer pioneering piston pitch pituitary gland pivotal placebo plagiarism planets plank plantations plastic plateau platypus plausible pleasant pleasantly pleasure plodding ploy plumber plummet poaching point polarised pollution polyester polytechnic pop-up ad popular portable portraiture portray Portugal posed positive psychology post post hoc detection postgraduate postulated potential potentially pottery pour poverty powerplant practice practitioners pragmatic precarious precautions precedent preceding precipitation precise precisely preconception predator predecessors predict prediction predictor predominantly prefabricated preference prejudice prejudices preliminary premise preponderance preposterous preservation preserve preserved president pressure pressurise prestige presumably pretence prevail prevailing prevalent previously prey primarily primary primate prime minister principal principle prior prior knowledge prioritise procedure procedures proceeded process product product category productive productively productivity profit profound profoundly progress progressively prohibitively project projections prolific prolonged prominence prominent promote promoting promotion prompt prop propeller propelling property proponent proportion proportional propositions propulsion prospect prospects protein analysis prototype protracted proud provenance provider providers prowess pseudoscience psychological psychotherapy public investment public transport public transport share publication publicity pursue pursuits python

Q

QR code qualification qualified quantified quarter quotas

R

rabbit radical radiocarbon dating rainfall rally ramp rampant range ransack ransom rapid rapid eye movement reading realism realizable receptionist recession recite recognise recognition recommendations reconfiguration reconfigured reconstructed recover recreation recruitment recur recycling redefined redeployment redress reduce reductive redundancies redundancy referendum refinement refineries reflect reflector refuge refusal regenerate regeneration regime regression regulate regulated regulation regulatory rehabilitation reign reinforce reinforced reinstate reintroduction rejuvenate relative relatively release relentless reliability reliable reliably reliance relieved relocate reluctant remainder remedial reminiscent remnant remodelled remote remuneration renaissance renovation renowned repel repercussions repertoire repetitive replenishment replicable replicas represent representations reptile reputation required requisite resembling reservoir population residence residential resign resilience resilient resistance resistant resolute resort respiratory disease responsive restoration restore restored restrict restricted restriction retain retains retaliate retention retrospect reveal revenue revered reversal reverse revival revive revolutionary revolutionise revolve rhetoric rigorously ritual rival river robust rock rodent roosting rotary motion rotation rotational routinely rowing rudimentary rugby rugged ruling rural Russia

S

sad safe safeguard salamander salary sales representative sanctuary sandstone plateau satellite Saturday scaffolding scales scan scarcity scavenger scepticism sceptre scholar scholarly scholarship scientific management scope scorpion scrapping screw sculptor seafaring seamless second sectarian sector sectors sedentary sediment run-off sediments seduce seedling selective self-absorbed self-assured self-centred self-confident self-congratulatory self-conscious self-control self-deprecating self-driving car self-esteem self-important self-reliant semester seminar senescence sensible sensitive sensitize sensory sensory deprivation September sequester serotonin set out settle sewing shafts shareholders sharpen sheep shellfish shield shift shortage showcase significance significant significantly simulate simulations simultaneous simultaneously singing singularity site skepticism skiing slabs slick slight slippery slogan slope sluggish slum smallholdings smart grid smartcards smelting smooth snake snap social cues social welfare software bug soil degradation solely solemn solid solidifies solidify solitary solstice sophisticated sound South America Southern Ocean sovereignty space debris space technologies space tourism span sparse sparsely spatial spawn spearheaded specialise specialised specialist specialized species specific specifically specification specify spectacular spectator spectrum speculate speculating speculations speech-recognition software spice monopoly spindle whorl spins sponsor sponsorship spontaneously sprawl spring spring up spurred stabilise stability stagnant stance standard standards standpoint staple state-of-the-art stationary statistics status status quo stave off steam engine steel stem step-free access steppes stepping stones stereotype stimulate stimulating stimulation stimulus stone storm straightforward strandings strategic strategies strategy stray streaming strenuous exercise stress hormone stressor strike stringent strive structural structure structures struggle stylised subcontracting subdivision subsequent subsequently subsidence subsidised subsidize subsistence farmer substance substantial substantially substitute subterfuge subterranean subtle subtleties suburban successive successor succumb succumbed sucrose sudden Suez Canal suffer sufficient suggest suitable suited summarises summer summer monsoon Sunday sunrise sunset superficial superior superseded supervision supervisor supplement supplements supplier supply supply chain support surface surfing surgeon surmounted surpass surplus surprised surveillance disclosure survey surveyed surveying surveyor surveys survive survived susceptible suspicion sustain sustainability sustainable sustained swarm sway sweeping swimming swing switch Switzerland syllable syllabus symbiotic symbolic symbols symptoms syndrome synthesizing systematic

T

tablet tactful tailored talent talkative tangible tap tarantula target targeted tariff Tasmanian devil Tasmanian tiger taste taxation taxing teamwork tech-savvy technical technician telecommunications telegraphy telemarketing telepresence temperature template temporary tempt tendency tenement tennis tentative term terraforming terrain terrestrial Thailand the arts theoretical theorizes therapeutic therapist thermal thermal stress thesis thirst thread threshold thrive thrived thunder Thursday thwart thylacine tiger timber time-consuming tip tipping point token tolerance tolerate topical tornado total tow toxic traced tracing tradition traditional traffic-free trainer trait traits trajectory transboundary transcend transfer transferred transform transformation transformational transformed transient transition transitional transitions translator transmit transport transportation traversing treeline tremendous tremor trench trend trial and error tricky trigger triggering triggers triumph trunk tuberculosis Tuesday tuition tundra turbulence turbulent Turkey turn into turnaround turnover tutor tutorial twilight twist someone's arm

Y